The Rohingya refugees' prolonged presence in Bangladesh: non-traditional security threats to the region

Authors

  • Shamim Hosen Assistant Director, Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7526439

Keywords:

Rohingya Influx, Security Concerns, Non-traditional Security, Bangladesh

Abstract

The presence of refugees for an extended period of time may cause a slew of security issues in the host country. This study looked at the worrying sectors of non-traditional security and management issues produced by the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh. Environmental deterioration, economic risks, political, and social unrest are all linked to non-traditional security threats. Bangladesh is deeply concerned about the internal strife within the Rohingya refugee and extremist groups. The prolonged stay of a large number of refugees in Bangladesh has become a concern, complicating issues of socioeconomic, environmental, and personal security. Because of the current inflow of Rohingya immigrants into Bangladesh, this qualitative research has mostly focused on non-traditional security issues. The study looked into whether the presence of Rohingya refugees caused any security concerns. Although the thorough literature study has improved awareness of the idea and concerns of non-traditional security, the research questions have highlighted the research difficulties through qualitative interviews. Thematic analysis of the transcript was employed in this study. The study's findings have provided an opportunity to investigate the non-traditional security threat brought on by the presence of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh from a different angle.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmed, S. M. (2018). Non-Traditional Security Threats of Bangladesh: Challenges and Policy Options. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BIISS), 1-21.

Anjum, I. (2020, February). The Crux of Transnational Yaba-Trafficking Nexus in Bangladesh: Explaining the Reasons and Advocating Counter-Strategies. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 7(2), 13-20.

Archibald, M. M., Ambagtsheer, R. C., Casey, M. G., & Lawless, M. (2019). Using Zoom Videoconferencing for Qualitative Data Collection: Perceptions and Experiences of Researchers and Participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 1-8.

Babu, K.-E.-K. (2020). The impacts and challenges to host country Bangladesh due to sheltering the Rohingya refugees. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1770943), 1-16. <https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1770943>

Banerjee, S. (2020). The Rohingya Crisis and its Impact on Bangladesh-Myanmar Relations. Observer Research Foundation.

Bashar, I. (2017, September). Exploitation of the Rohingya Crisis by Jihadist Groups: Implications for Bangladesh’s Internal Security. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 9(9), 5-7.

Bashar, I. (2019, June). Rohingya Crisis and Western Myanmar’s Evolving Threat Landscape. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 11(6), 14-18.

Battaglia, M. P. (2008). Purposive Sample. In P. J. Lavrakas, Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods (pp. 524-525). SAGE Publications, Inc. <http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947>

Bhatia, A., Mahmud, A., Fuller, A., Shin, R., Rahman, A., Shatil, T., Balsari, S. (2018, December). The Rohingya in Cox’s Bazar: When the Stateless Seek Refuge. Health and Human Rights, 20(2), 105-122.

Booth, K. (2012). Deepening, broadening, reconstructing. In K. Booth, Theory of World Security (pp. 149-181). Cambridge University Press. <https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840210>

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Ualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. <https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa>

Brewer, J. D. (2004). Ethnography. In C. Cassell, & G. Symon, Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research (pp. 312-322). Sage Publications .

Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2008). The Evolution of International Security Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Buzan, B., Waever, O., & Wilde, J. d. (1997). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.

Chaijaroenwatana, B., & Haque, M. M. (2020). Displaced Rohingya and Concern for Non-traditional Security Risks in Thailand. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 47(3), 201-225. <https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2020.1763537>

Charmaz, K. (2009, May 24). Grounded Theory. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods.

Chowdhury, A. R. (2019). International-domestic linkages in a developingcountry context: the case of the Rohingyas in Bangladesh. Policy Studies, 40(3-4), 303-319. <https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2018.1557623>

Dyer, G. (2017 , September 18 ). The worldʼs most persecuted minority. Retrieved August 11, 2021, from Dailypioneer: Available from : https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/columnists/the-worlds-most-persecuted-minority.html

Economist, T. (2017, September 21). The Rohingya refugee crisis is the worst in decades. Retrieved August 28, 2021, Available from : https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2017/09/21/the-rohingya-refugee-crisis-is-the-worst-in-decades

Economist, T. (2018, August 2). What next for Myanmar’s Rohingya? Retrieved August 29, 2021, Available from : https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/08/02/what-next-for-myanmars-rohingya

Edwards, R., & Holland, J. (2013). What is Qualitative Interviewing? Bloomsbury Academic.

Fajth, V., Bilgili, Ö., Loschmann, C., & Siegel, M. (2019). How do refugees affect social life in host communities? The case of Congolese refugees in Rwanda. Comparative Migration Studies, 7(33), 1-21. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0139-1>

Fink, C. (2018). Dangerous Speech, Anti-Muslim Violence, And Facebook In Myanmar. Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board, 71(1.5), 43-52.

Fisher, J. (2017, 10 March). “Myanmar Muslim Minority Subject to Horrific Torture, UN Says,. Retrieved August 26, 2021, from BBC News: Available from : https://www.bbc.com/news/world-39218105

Forino, G., Meding, J. v., & Johnson, T. (2017, September 12). Religion is not the only reason Rohingyas are being forced out of Myanmar. Retrieved August 26, 2021, Available from : https://theconversation.com/religion-is-not-the-only-reason-rohingyas-are-being-forced-out-of-myanmar-83726

Gaffar, A. (2018, Spring). Approaching The Rohingya Crisis. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 22(1), 98-121.

Group, I. C. (2018, February 28). Countering Jihadist Militancy in Bangladesh. Retrieved August 26, 2021, Available from : https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/bangladesh/295-countering-jihadist-militancy-bangladesh

Haas, H. d. (2008). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. Oxford: International Migration Institute, University of Oxford.

Haque, M. S. (2013, December ). Victim Diaspora – Ethnic Minority groups in South Asia: The Case of ‘Biharis’ and ‘Rohingyas’ in Bangladesh. Journal of Politics & Administration, 1(1), 68-78.

Hossain, M. S., Zhang, H., Hosain, M. S., & Yun, L. (2020). Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Security Concerns for Bangladesh. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 8(2), 24-34.

Jacobsen, K. (1996). Factors Influencing the Policy Responses of Host Governments to Mass Refugee Influxes. The International Migration Review , 655-678. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2547631>

Janesick, V. J. (1998). The Dance of Qualitative Research Design: Metaphor, Methodolatry, and Meaning. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln, Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry (pp. 35-55). Sage Publications, Inc.

Jenner, B. M., & Myers, K. C. (2019). Intimacy, rapport, and exceptional disclosure: a comparison of in-person and mediated interview contexts. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 22(2), 165-177. <https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2018.1512694>

Jugder, N. (2016). The thematic analysis of interview data: an approach used to examine the influence of the market on curricular provision in Mongolian higher education institutions. University of Leeds. Retrieved August 26, 2021, Available from : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330141287_The_thematic_analysis_of_interview_data_an_approach_used_to_examine_the_influence_of_the_market_on_curricular_provision_in_Mongolian_higher_education_institutions

Koser, K. (2007). International Migration: A Very Short Introduction. In K. Koser, Why Migration Matters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199298013.001.0001

Lee, R. (2019). Myanmar's Citizenship Law as State Crime: A Case for the International Criminal Court. State Crime Journal, 8(2), 241-279.

Lejano, R. P., Rahman, M. S., & Kabir, L. (2020). Risk Communication for Empowerment: Interventions in a Rohingya Refugee Settlement. Society for Risk Analysis, 1-13. Retrieved August 26, 2021, Available from : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/risa.13541

Lewa, C. (2009). North Arakan: an open prison for the Rohingya in Burma. Forced Migration Review, 32, 11-13.

Liamputtong, P. (2006). Researching the Vulnerable: A Guide to Sensitive Research Methods. Sage Publications Ltd.

Mayan, M. J. (2009). Essentials of Qualitative Inuiry. Left Coast Press, Inc.

Melander, E., & Öberg, M. (2003). Forced Migration: The Effects of the Magnitude and Scope of Fighting. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Sweden.

Molla, M. A.-M. (2019, August 26). Refugee Camps: Crime spikes while Rohingyas despair. Retrieved August 23, 2021, Available from : https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-crisis/news/refugee-camps-crime-spikes-while-rohingyas-despair-1744768

Newman, E. (2010, January). Critical human security studies. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 77-94.

P. Burnard, P. G., K. Stewart, E. T., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Analysing and presenting qualitative data. British Dental Journal volume, 204, 429-432. <https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.292>

Punch, K. F. (2014). Qualitative Research Design. In K. F. Punch, Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches (3rd ed., p. 114). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Qadir, M. I., Rehman, S., & Gardezi, S. M. (2019). Stateless Rohingyas: From Crosshair to Crossroads. Journal of Political Studies, 26(1), 183-195.

Rahman, U. (2010). The Rohingya Refugee: A Security Dilemma for Bangladesh. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 8(2), 233-239. <https://doi.org/10.1080/15562941003792135>

Report, S. (2019, September 26). 4,300 acres of hills, forests razed for Rohingya shelters. Retrieved August 26, 2021, Available from : https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-crisis/rohingya-influx-puts-biodiversity-risk-in-coxs-bazar-1635562

Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2005). Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data (2nd ed.). California, London, New Dehli: SAGE Publications. <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452226651>

Sohel, I. M., & Siddiqui, P. (2019, April 4). Tensions and potential conflict between host communities and Rohingya refugees. Retrieved August 22, 2021, Available from : http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/194317

Tajuddin, D. A. (2018). Statelessness and Ethnic Cleansing of the Rohingyas in Myanmar: Time for Serious International Intervention. Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 4(4), 422-450.

Tha Hla, M. (2009). Rohingya Hoax. New York: Buddhist Rakhaing Cultural Association.

Thieme, S. (2007). Social Networks and Migration: Far West Nepalese Labour Migrants in Delhi (Vol. 15). Bern, Switzerland: NCCR North-South. Retrieved August 23, 2021, Available from : https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/4034/2/Thieme_Social_Networks_2007.pdf

Uddin, N. (2015). State of Stateless People: The Plight of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. In R. E. Howard-Hassmann, & M. Walton-Roberts, The Human Right to Citizenship (pp. 62-77). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

UNDP. (1994). Human Development Report 1994. United Nations Development Programme. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved August 24, 2021, Available from : http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf

UNHCR. (2020). What is a refugee? Retrieved August 22, 2021, Available from : https://www.unhcr.org/what-is-a-refugee.html#:~:text=The%201951%20Refugee%20Convention%20is,group%2C%20or%20political%20opinion.%E2%80%9D

UNOCHA. (2018, August 29). Rohingya Refugee Crisis. Retrieved August 22, 2021, Available from : https://www.unocha.org/rohingya-refugee-crisis

WHO. (2020, March 11). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. Retrieved August 18, 2021, Available from : https://www.who.int: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19

Zamawe, C. (2015, March). The Implication of Using NVivo Software in Qualitative Data Analysis: Evidence-Based Reflections. Malawi Medical Journal: the Journal of Medical Association of Malawi, 27(1), 13-15.

Downloads


Abstract views: 1137
Downloads: 802

Published

2022-12-31

How to Cite

Hosen, S. (2022). The Rohingya refugees’ prolonged presence in Bangladesh: non-traditional security threats to the region. Political Science and Security Studies Journal, 3(4), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7526439

Issue

Section

Articles